Talking Philosophy

     The hypothesis is the idea you will test to achieve your aim. Hypothesis testing is an act in statistics whereby an analyst tests an assumption regarding a population parameter. The methodology employed by the analyst depends on the nature of the data used and the reason for the analysis.  THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD      The scientific method is an empirical method of acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development of science since at least the 17th century. It involves careful observation, applying rigorous skepticism about what is observed, given that cognitive assumptions can distort how one interprets the observation.  The basic steps of the scientific method are: Question Hypothesis Experiment Observation Analysis Conclution HOW HYPOTHESIS TESTING WORKS      In hypothesis testing, an analyst tests a statistical sample, with the goal of providing evidence on the plausibility of the null hypothesis .    ...

      This argues that the notion of explanation relevant to the philosophy of science is that of an answer to a why-question. Point of view of this is it surveys most of the historically important theories of explanation. Hempel’s deductive-nomological, and inductive-statistical, models of explanation required explanations to cite laws.  Many philosophers reject causal theories of explanation now, because they think that there are non-causal explanations. I thought scientific explanation is a topic that needed to be discussed.      A scientific explanation is a way of explaining something we see in the natural world that's based on observations and measurements. We evaluate scientific explanations by comparing it to the current evidence and looking at what predictions it makes about the world. EXPLANATION VS CONFIRMATION      Confirmation  involves providing reasons to believe that (or evidence that) certain claims are true. ...

Sexism in a society is most commonly applied against women and girls. It is a topic that is often talked about in the society that women and men are opposite, with widely different and complementary roles: women are the weaker sex and less capable than men, especially in the realm of logic and rational reasoning. There is also a lot of talk in society about giving equal place to women and men. SEXISM       Sexism, prejudice or discrimination based on gender, especially against women and girls. Sexism can be a belief that one sex is superior to or more valuable than another sex. It imposes limits on what men and boys can and should do and what women and girls can and should do. It functions to maintain patriarchy, or male domination, through ideological and material practices of individuals, collectives, and institutions that oppress women and girls on the basis of gender. Such oppression usually takes the forms of economic exploitation and social domination. Sexist b...

        Race is commonly perceived as something that is inherent in our biology, and so inherited across generations. Ethnicity, on the other hand, is usually understood as something we acquire, or self-ascribe, based on factors like where we live or the culture we share with others. Race and ethnicity are used to categorize certain sections of the population. In basic terms, race describes physical traits, and ethnicity refers to cultural identification. Race may also be identified as something you inherit while ethnicity is something you learn. RACE vs. ETHNICITY      Many people have a misconception about this. They think of both race and ethnicity as one. But, they are clearly different from each other. Race: Narrow Based on similar physical and biological attributes Ethnicity: Broad Based on cultural expression and place of origin RACE      Race is usually associated with biology and linked with physical characteristics, such ...

Practical ethics has only recently come into its own as a sub-discipline within philosophy. The development of interest among academic philosophers in the aesthetics of everyday life is somewhat analogous to the broader development in moral philosophy of "applied" or practical ethics. It is necessary to say a little about ethics so that we have a clear understanding of what we are doing when we discuss ethical questions. What is Ethics? .. What is Practical Ethics? ..     Ethics is the study and evaluation of human conduct in the light of moral principles. Moral principles may be viewed either as the standard of conduct that individuals have constructed for themselves or as the body of obligations and duties that a particular society requires of its members. Practical ethics is meant to concern substantive moral issues facing many of us each day, such as abortion or climate change. The subject of normative or theoretical ethics is the more abstract principles that might e...

Some philosophers of knowledge believe that knowledge is definitely different from belief, so it may not be right to treat it as a kind of belief. Many philosophers nowadays appear to find it incredible that anyone should think knowledge is not some kind of (superior, privileged) belief; Contemporary epistemologists believe that their central task is to standardize the true of a belief. In contemporary epistemology, ‘testimony’ is used as an umbrella term to refer to all those instances where we form a belief, or acquire knowledge, on the basis of what others have told us.   What is Testimony? In the field of philosophy, testimony is defined as the intentional transfer of a belief from one person to another. The transfer can be verbal, written, or signaled in some way. The philosophy of testimony considers the nature of language and knowledge's confluence, which occurs when beliefs are transferred between speakers and hearers through testimony. Testimony is an invaluable source of...

        Perception is a major topic in epistemology. All our empirical knowledge is grounded in how we see, hear, touch, smell and taste the world around us. Perception is a source of knowledge and justification mainly by virtue of yielding beliefs that constitute knowledge or are justified, but "perception"(by Robert Audi) shows that we cannot hope to understand perceptual knowledge and justification simply by exploring those beliefs by themselves, and we must also understand what perception is and how it yields beliefs. I wanted to present here that what perception is, the importance of that, and other theoretical things like illusion and  hallucination,  with my opinion about perception.       Perception is based on beliefs, and leads to form further beliefs. It is the process by which we acquire information about the world around us using our five senses. It is not reality, but perception can become a person's reality becaus...